Riders of the Savannah: Exploring the Hierarchical Traditions of the Mossi People of Burkina Faso
By Kwadwo Afrifa – April 27, 2025 12:30pm
Our journey through the diverse cultures of Africa now takes us to the heart of West Africa, to Burkina Faso, where we turn our attention to the Mossi people. As the largest ethnic group in the country, the Mossi are renowned for their rich history of powerful kingdoms, their hierarchical social structures rooted in ancestral lineages, and their vibrant mask traditions that connect the living with the spirit world.
The history of the Mossi is marked by the arrival of warrior migrants in the 11th century who established a series of powerful kingdoms, the most prominent being Wagadugu, Yatenga, and Tenkodogo. These kingdoms developed sophisticated political systems with a hierarchical structure headed by the Mogho Naba (emperor of Wagadugu) and regional kings. This historical legacy of centralized authority and well-defined social roles continues to influence Mossi society today (Skinner, 1989).
A Hierarchy Rooted in Ancestry: The Nakomse and Tengabisi
Traditional Mossi society is characterized by a distinct hierarchical structure based on lineage. At the apex are the Nakomse, the descendants of the original Mossi conquerors, who traditionally held political power and leadership roles. Below them are the Tengabisi, the descendants of the original inhabitants of the land, who often held ritual authority and were considered the custodians of the earth. This dual structure, while evolving, continues to shape social relations and access to power and resources within Mossi communities (Swanson, 1984).
The Power of the Mask: Connecting with the Spirit World
One of the most visually striking and culturally significant aspects of Mossi tradition is their mask complex. Elaborately carved wooden masks, often representing ancestral spirits, bush spirits, and animals, play a crucial role in religious ceremonies, agricultural rituals, initiations, and funerals. These masks are not merely artistic representations; they are believed to embody the presence and power of the spirits they represent. Dancers, adorned in these masks and vibrant costumes, perform intricate movements to communicate with the spirit world, ensure the fertility of the land, and maintain social harmony. Each mask type has its own distinct form, symbolism, and associated rituals (Roy, 1987). Imagine the awe-inspiring sight of masked dancers moving rhythmically to the beat of drums, bridging the gap between the living and the ancestral realm.
Chieftaincy and Local Governance:
While the centralized kingdoms of the past have evolved, the institution of chieftaincy remains a significant aspect of Mossi local governance. Chiefs (naaba) continue to hold authority within their communities, playing a role in dispute resolution, land allocation, and the preservation of traditional customs. The relationship between traditional authorities and the modern state is a dynamic one, with chiefs often acting as important intermediaries at the local level.
Agriculture and the Rhythms of the Seasons:
The Mossi are primarily agriculturalists, with their lives closely tied to the rhythms of the rainy and dry seasons. Farming practices, traditional knowledge of crops, and rituals related to planting and harvesting are integral to their cultural calendar. Beliefs and practices aimed at ensuring good rains and a bountiful harvest are deeply embedded in their traditions.
Oral Traditions and Social Cohesion:
Oral traditions, including myths, legends, proverbs, and genealogies, are vital for preserving Mossi history, social values, and cultural knowledge. Griots (traditional storytellers and musicians) play a crucial role in recounting the origins of lineages, the deeds of past rulers, and the moral lessons that guide community life. These oral narratives contribute significantly to the collective identity and social cohesion of the Mossi people.
Adapting to Modern Burkina Faso:
Today, the Mossi people are an integral part of modern Burkina Faso, navigating the complexities of a developing nation while maintaining their rich cultural heritage. The Mossi language (Mooré) remains widely spoken, and traditional customs and institutions continue to play a significant role in many communities. Efforts to preserve their artistic traditions, promote their language, and integrate their cultural values into contemporary society are ongoing.
The Mossi people, with their historical kingdoms, their hierarchical social structure, their powerful mask traditions, and their rich oral heritage, offer a compelling example of a West African culture deeply rooted in its past while actively engaging with the present.
Our next journey will take us to the unique architectural traditions and animistic beliefs of the Lobi people, also of Burkina Faso.
References:
* Roy, C. D. (1987). Art of the Upper Volta Rivers. Alain et Françoise Chaffin. (Provides a detailed study of the mask traditions of the Mossi and other groups in the region.)
* Skinner, E. P. (1989). The Mossi of Burkina Faso: Chiefs, Politicians and Soldiers. Waveland Press. (A comprehensive anthropological study of Mossi society and history.)
* Swanson, R. A. (1984). “Jihad and the Emergence of the Mossi State.” The Journal of African History, 25(3), 269-291. (Offers historical context for the formation of the Mossi kingdoms.)
